SG-PR-33-08 Confined Space Entry

Symmetrical Group

Policies and Procedures

OHS&E\SAFETY PROCEDURES

1.0 IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

Safe systems of work are required for all work that is performed within confined spaces. The purposes of safe systems of work are to ensure:

The hazards associated with the confined space and the intended work are identified,
That an assessment of all risks are made and controlled in the appropriate manner,
That all personnel involved with the confined space activities have been appropriately trained and made aware of their responsibilities.

Note: This safe work standard was developed to comply with the requirements of the Australian Standard AS 2865: 2001 Safe Working in a Confined Space. AS 2865:2001 should be used as the primary source reference document relating to confined space entry.

1.1 Procedure Precedence

This safe work standard sets out the minimum requirements that shall be met prior to entry into a confined space. Where the Client’s confined space procedure exceeds the standard of this procedure then the Client’s procedure shall take precedence.

1.2 Risk Assessment Process

1.2.1 Hazard Identification

Prior to the commencement of any work inside a confined space all the hazards associated with both the confined space and the work to be performed shall be identified.

The Symmetrical Group representative responsible for the management of confined space work will review the process of hazard identification. Exhibit A (Confined Space Hazard Identification Check Sheet) details the minimum factors that need to be considered when conducting confined space hazard identification.

1.2.2 Risk Assessment

Before entry is permitted within the confined space a risk assessment shall be conducted by a person(s) trained and competent in conducting risk assessments. The risk assessment shall determine the level of risk associated with the work that is being undertaken within the confined space taking into account the hazards identified. The assessment shall be in writing and may be conducted by the Client representative responsible for confined space entry at the site. Exhibit B (Confined Space Risk Assessment Sheet) details the factors that shall be taken into account when performing a confined space risk assessment.

1.2.2.1 Common Task Risk Assessments

In some circumstances, similar work may be performed in confined spaces that pose identical or similar risks. For example, inspection and cleaning of tanks that have all contained the same product and are of a similar dimension.

In these cases, a common task risk assessment may be used for the purposes of meeting the requirements of this section. Any common task risk assessment shall identify any differences between the confined spaces and any variation to the work method that is being performed.

Common task risk assessments may also be used when the same or similar work is being performed within a confined space on a regular basis. When using a common task risk assessment in this manner the following factors shall be taken into account:

Any modifications that have been made to the confined space or its associated plant and equipment,
Any change in the operating conditions or product contained within that confined space,
Any change in the atmosphere or working environment within or in the vicinity of the confined space, and
Any change in the work method.

The risk assessment is to be conducted by a competent person(s) and is to be reviewed following the opening and subsequent inspection of the confined space to ascertain whether all hazards and risks have been identified and assessed.

1.2.3 Risk Control

Where the risk assessment identifies a risk to the safety and health of personnel working within the confined space, control measures shall be implemented that will eliminate or minimise the risks associated with the work that is being performed.

Control of risk shall be in accordance with the hierarchy of control process and the controls implemented shall follow the order listed below;

Elimination,
Substitution,
Engineering controls,
Administrative controls, and
Use of personal protective equipment

The process of risk control shall be used for all the identified hazards associated with the work within the confined space. It may be necessary to use a combination of the control measures to eliminate or reduce the hazards.

Note: Wherever practicable the highest order of control shall be utilised.

1.3 Isolation Of Confined Spaces

1.3.1 Need for Isolation

No person shall enter a confined space until all materials that could enter the confined space have been positively isolated. Such materials would include; steam, liquids, gases, electricity, and sources of radiation.

The above mentioned services may enter the confined space in a variety of means and could include; piping, ducts, vents, drains, conveyors, electrical conduit, fixed fire protection systems, and radiation level indicators.

1.3.2 Methods of Isolation from Contaminants

The minimum requirement for the isolation of confined spaces, against the introduction of contaminants into that space can be by one of the following alternatives;

Removal of a valve, spool piece, or expansion joint as close as practicable to its entry point into the confined space. The open end of the piece removed that leads into the confined space shall be blanked or capped. The blank or cap shall be identified by some means (normally by way of a tag) and the identification shall indicate the purpose of that blank or cap
Insertion of a full pressure blank in the piping between flanges, as close as practicable to the entry point to the confined space. The blank shall be identified to indicate its purpose.
Where neither of the above methods are practicable, confined spaces may be isolated by the closing, tagging and locking out of at least two valves in the pipe leading to the confined space. Positive proof of this form of isolation shall be sighted prior to the entry of any person into the confined space. Wherever possible this form of proof shall be by the opening of a drain valve between the two closed valves. The drain valve shall be tagged to indicate it as being open.

1.3.3 Methods of Isolation from other Energy Sources

Prior to entry within the confined space, all other sources of energy shall be positively isolated. Such forms of energy may include;

Mechanical or moving energy from fans, agitators, hammers
Electrical energy from capacitors
Hydraulic or pneumatic energy sources
Thermal energy from radiation sources or heating elements

Isolation from these energy sources shall be achieved by the following means;

Tag out or lock out of the opened circuit breaker supplying the equipment or the opened isolating switch supplying the equipment,
Where the power source cannot be isolated or controlled effectively, a belt or mechanical linkage to the equipment to be isolated shall be broken and tagged,
Where neither of the above methods are practicable, moveable components shall be locked, and switches, clutches and other controls shall be tagged.

1.3.3.1 Isolation of Internal Moving Parts

Where equipment inside the confined space requires isolation, the first person entering the space shall perform the isolation, attaching tags and/or locking devices as required on the permit.

1.3.4 Verification of Isolations

Prior to entry of a confined space the permit recipient, or person responsible for the work to be performed, shall verify that all isolations have been made, including all blanks have been inserted, spool pieces or valves removed, and that all isolation points have been identified in some manner such as tagging or use of a blank list.

1.3.5 Personnel Approved to Enter a Confined Space

Only personnel trained to work in confined spaces and are to identify the hazards associated with this work and operate with documented work procedures and instructions of this procedure (or clients procedure if this is prefered by the client representative). Training must comply with national competency standards (as per Australian Training Qualifications Framework (ATQF).

1.4 Confined Space Atmosphere

1.4.1 Minimum Standards for Confined Space Atmosphere

No person shall enter a confined space until, where practicable it;

Contains a safe level of oxygen,
All atmospheric contaminants have been removed,
The concentration of flammable gases is below 5% LEL, and
Is free of extremes of temperature.

1.4.2 Initial Gas Testing Requirements

Prior to entry into a confined space, a person who is trained and competent in the use of atmospheric monitoring equipment (AGT- Authorised Gas Tester) shall test its atmosphere. The risk assessment performed shall determine what contaminants are to be tested for.

When determining the gaseous contents of the confined space, consideration must be given to ensure that a representative sample of the confined space is taken. Particular attention should be paid to remote areas of the confined space where contaminants may collect. If the confined space has to be entered for the purposes of gas testing, the gas tester shall wear supplied air respiratory protective equipment with a sentry or stand-by person in place.

If the levels of contaminants are higher than acceptable then additional ventilation or purging of the confined space shall be performed and a new test conducted.

Results of the gas monitoring shall be made readily available to all personnel and if necessary, the results shall be explained to them. The test results shall be recorded on the confined space entry permit.

All gas testing shall be performed with the ventilation systems turned off. Exhibit C (Atmospheric requirements of Confined Spaces) lists the minimum and maximum levels of oxygen and contaminants that can be present within a confined space when personnel are required to enter it.

1.4.3 Re-testing Requirements

Confined spaces shall be re-tested prior to entry, the risk assessment shall determine the frequency of re-testing and the contaminants to be tested for, however the following minimum requirements shall apply.

At the start of each shift
An emergency situation that has occurred internal or external to the confined space that may have introduced contaminants into the atmosphere.
At any time requested, not less than every hour

1.4.4 Continuous Gas Monitoring

In some circumstances it may be necessary for continuous gas monitoring to occur whilst persons are performing certain activities within the confined space. These activities may include;

Welding, cutting and other heat generating activities,
Use of hazardous materials,
Where the possibility of flammable materials exists within or around the confined space,
Where it has been identified in the hazard identification process that a risk of contaminated atmosphere exists
Where substances such as scale or paint may release toxic vapours
Where substances absorbed into the surface of the confined space may be released over a period of time
Contaminants remain in the confined space, i.e. slurry in the bottom
Where specified by the permit issuer or permit recipient.

Continuous gas monitoring shall be stipulated on the confined space entry permit

1.4.5 Use of Supplied Air

In some circumstances, air supplied respiratory apparatus will be used by personnel working inside the confined space, such as when nuisance dust is being generated. All air supplied to respiratory protective apparatus shall be from medical air cylinders (grey cylinder with black and white top), or compressors specifically designed for this purpose.

Whenever air cylinders are used, an additional sentry shall be posted to monitor the level of the air within the cylinders and ensure an adequate supply is maintained. Where compressors are used a back up air supply shall be provided in the event of a mechanical failure of this compressor unit. The system shall be designed to ensure a constant airflow is maintained at all times. An additional sentry shall be provided to monitor the system at all times whilst in use.

1.4.6 Atmospheres that will not Support Life

Where entry is required into a confined space that contains toxic materials at levels that are immediately harmful to health, or have oxygen levels that will not sustain life, It shall be established that there is no alternative to perform the work and that entry into the confined space cannot be avoided. Entry under these circumstances must only be performed by specialist personnel specifically trained in the use of breathing apparatus purposely designed for this operation.

Documentation required to give approval shall include:

Rescue plan
Written work method
Training records of personnel including the use of Breathing Apparatus
Evidence that all other alternatives have been considered and none have been found to be practicable

1.5 Cleaning Of Confined Spaces

All vessells will be approved for entry by an experienced person that can confirm a vessel is safe to enter.

1.5.1 Requirements for Cleaning

Wherever practicable a confined space shall be cleaned prior to personnel entering it, and cleaning operations shall occur from outside the confined space wherever possible. The purpose of cleaning the confined space is to remove any contaminants that may be present that pose a hazard to the safety or health of personnel working within the confined space.

Cleaning shall encompass where practicable the removal of;

All sludges, scales and other deposits
Liquids, (consideration shall be given to where liquids may be trapped within the confined space)
Solids that may be stored or used within the confined space (such as steel grinding balls).

Chemicals used for cleaning shall be assessed for volatility and appropriate safety precautions taken. Any chemical used for cleaning shall not add to the hazards of the confined space.

1.5.2 Purging

In some cases a confined space may be purged to remove the hazardous contaminants within them. For example removing flammable atmospheres using nitrogen or carbon dioxide. When situations such as this occur it is important that all hazardous materials purged are exhausted to atmosphere or collected and contained in a safe manner and away from personnel.

Following purging with materials such as nitrogen, it is imperative that these are removed and thorough testing of the confined space occurs to verify that no traces of them remain.

Particular attention shall be paid to dead legs, areas of the confined space that have inadequate flow through ventilation, and “stubs” where pockets of the material may remain relatively undisturbed either during the purging or venting process.

1.6 Ventilation Of Confined Spaces

1.6.1 Ventilation Requirements

Ventilation of confined spaces is the most effective means of controlling and eliminating atmospheric hazards. Therefore, all confined spaces require ventilation in some form. Ventilation can be achieved through natural or mechanical means.

Confined spaces are so variable in design that there are not set rules for ventilation. Exhibit D (Ventilation considerations for Confined Spaces) provides information on the factors that need to be taken into account when planning the ventilation of confined spaces.

1.6.2 Mechanical Ventilation

Mechanical ventilation shall be used where natural draft is insufficient to provide a fresh supply of air to the confined space and remove contaminants from the atmosphere.

For general ventilation of a confined space, fresh air shall be supplied by means of a forced draft fan, or air blower. Plant air shall not be used to supply ventilation air to a confined space unless the breathing quality of this air can be guaranteed. Ducting may be used to bring the fresh air closer to the work face.

Where a task generates atmospheric contaminants such as welding or cutting, local exhaust ventilation shall be used to remove these contaminants.

Any air hoses, leads or other devices used to supply ventilation air shall be tagged to indicate that these devices are not to be operated or removed.

1.7 Lighting

1.7.1 Requirements for lighting

In nearly all instances, lighting will be required to illuminate the confined space. Where the risk assessment confirms that 240 volt powered equipment is permitted into the confined space, the lighting equipment chosen shall be a robust type and positioned where lenses will be protected from being struck by objects or liquids. A preference for using low voltage (24 volt) lighting shall be considered. All sources of 240 volt power (and the transformers for 24 volt lighting) shall be connected to an RCD (residual current device) electrically protected circuit.

Where the risk assessment confirms that the working area may contain flammable gases, the confined space lighting shall be extra low voltage (ie. 24 volt) intrinsically safe and rated for the area or zone.

1.8 Entry Into Confined Spaces

1.8.1 Need for Confined Space Entry Permit

No person shall enter a confined space unless there is a valid entry permit pertaining to that confined space issued. In most situations the Client representative shall be responsible for preparation of the entry permit to allow work to occur within the confined space. The permit shall be issued to the person who is responsible for the work that is being performed, known as the permit recipient or permit acceptor.

There must be a formal hand-over between the Integrated Site Management Team (ISMT) or permit issuer and the Contractor or Subcontractor that details the work to be performed within the confined space. This hand-over shall set out the conditions of entry that will allow work to occur in a manner that does not expose personnel to risk of injury or harm to health. Exhibit E (Sample Confined Space Entry Permit) shows a suggested format for a confined space entry permit.

Included with the entry permit shall be all documentation pertaining to the confined space entry; such as hazard identification, risk assessment, gas test results.

1.8.1.1 Use of Personal Danger Tags

All persons entering a confined space shall complete a personal danger tag and hang it on the permit entry board, which shall be located at the confined space entry point.

Upon exiting and leaving the confined space, personnel shall remove their personal danger tag from the board. If persons go home and fail to remove their personal danger tag, they will be called back to work (at their own expense) to remove their tag.

1.8.2 Barricading of Confined Space Entrances

All openings to the confined space shall have some form of barrier and a “Confined Space No Entry” sign placed across the entrance which indicates that personnel must not enter the confined space. Only those openings that are used for the purpose of entry and exit shall have the barrier removed and only at times when work is being performed within the confined space. All entry points shall display a sign stating “Confined Space, Authorised Entry Only”.

1.8.3 Daily Inspections

At the start of each working day the confined space shall be inspected prior to any person entering it. The person responsible for the work being performed in the confined space shall check to ensure:

All isolations are in place
Gas tests have been performed
Personnel on the job are aware of the hazards and the precautions that need to be taken
That conditions have not changed within the confined space or in the vicinity around the confined space, and
That all conditions of the entry permit and risk assessment are still applicable

When the responsible person is satisfied that all these conditions have been met, the confined space entry board shall be placed and the entrance to the confined space and work can commence.

1.9 Sentries/Stand-By Persons

1.9.1 Use of Sentries

Entry into a confined space may require the use of a stand-by person. The risk assessment process shall determine the number of sentries required and where they are to be stationed. The sentry(s) shall remain at the entry at all times when persons are occupying the confined space, and be in contact with emergency services by radio or telecommunication in the case of an emergency.

The employer shall ensure that where the risk assessment indicates a risk to health and safety, no person enters a confined space unless stand-by person(s) are present outside the confined space.

Provision of Stand-by person – the employer should provide stand-by person(s) whenever the risk assessment indicates that –

a) There may not be a safe oxygen level,

b) Atmospheric contaminants are present or may be present in concentrations above the exposure standards,

c) There may be a risk of fire or explosion,

d) There may be a risk of entrapment or engulfment,

e) The work to be performed may generate risk to health or safety,

f) Equipment or conditions outside the confined space require control or monitoring to ensure the health and safety of persons in the confined space (for example, ventilation, respirator air supply, vehicles and weather),

g) There may be other risks to the health or safety of persons entering the confined space.

Communication – employers should ensure that communication, and where practicable, observation between those in the confined space and the stand-by person(s) are capable of being constantly maintained. Communication can be achieved, dependent on the conditions existing in the confined space, in a number of ways including voice, radio, hand signals and other appropriate means. For example, where visual or oral communication is not possible, then a system of rope signals could be devised. Microwave, long wave or low frequency radio equipment can be used in some confined spaces where normal radio is unsuitable.

Alternating entry and stand-by persons – where it is expected that the person entering the confined space and the stand-by person may change places, the employer may authorise either to (stand by) while the other person is inside the confined space.

The duties of a sentry are included in Exhibit F (Sentry Duties). Sentries require formal instruction with regards to their duties, prior to them being permitted to undertake the duties of their role.

1.9.2 Multiple Entry Points

Multiple entry points should be avoided wherever possible, as it is difficult to control entry and exit of personnel. However in some circumstances the risk assessment may determine that there is no other practicable alternative than the use of multiple entry points, in addition it may not be practicable to have a sentry stationed at each of these points. A single Entry Control Board may be used to record the entry / exit of all personnel working within the confined space.

The Entry Control Board shall be placed in a location where all personnel coming to and from the confined space can readily access the board. The risk assessment shall determine the need for a single Entry Control Board.

Number of stand-by persons – the minimum number of stand-by persons required should be recorded on the entry permit.

1.10 Safety Equipment

1.10.1 Personal Protective Equipment Requirements

All personnel who work inside a confined space shall wear the following PPE as a minimum:

Long trousers and a shirt with sleeves,
Safety glasses with side shields,
Safety footwear,
Hand protection,
Safety helmet (requirement based on risk assessment/workplace requirements).

These are the minimum requirements, at times it may be necessary to upgrade the level of personal protection, for example respirators to protect from dusts, fumes or gases; monogoggles; welding helmets etc. It is the responsibility of the permit recipient to determine the appropriate level of protection required for personnel working within the confined space.

1.10.1.1 Respiratory Protection

In circumstances where the nature of the work to be performed in the confined space will introduce new contaminants, such as welding, grinding, use of epoxy resins, solvents, liberation of contaminants from wall, etc. additional precautions may be required in regards to PPE.

The use of filter type respirators for protection against gases, fumes or vapours may only occur within a confined space when the oxygen content ranges between 19.5% to 23.5% for the duration of the work. Continuous air monitoring and ventilation shall occur in these circumstances. The risk assessment shall determine the need for any escape breathing apparatus sets and ensure that the filters used will protect against all contaminants within the confined space.

Should it be required that air supplied breathing apparatus must be worn within the confined space the following conditions shall apply;

A spare set of air supplied breathing apparatus and rescue equipment shall be available near to the entrance of the confined space
all personnel required to wear air supplied equipment shall be fully trained, medically assessed and authorised to use the equipment,
Only positive pressure air supplied breathing apparatus shall be used.

1.10.2 Other Safety Equipment

In addition to PPE, other types of safety equipment that may be required for confined space work can include;

Fire extinguishers- dry powder or water only
Continuous gas monitors
Portable Radio
24V temporary lighting conforming to AS2381
Welding circuit safety switch conforming to AS1674.2
Continuous gas monitoring equipment

1.11 Closing A Confined Space

1.11.1 Actions required when closing a Confined Space

After all work has been completed within the confined space, all equipment and materials shall be removed and accounted for. Failure to remove equipment and material can cause serious damage to the internals of the confined space and/or disrupt the process.

The confined space shall be examined by the permit issuer and/or recipient to ensure that all personnel, equipment and materials have been removed. When this inspection has been completed, all external openings shall be bolted and the permit signed off.

Pipe blinds, can now be removed, spool pieces, valves and pipeline can be re-fitted. Vent and drain lines that had been tagged as open can be closed.

1.12 Training

1.12.1 Minimum Requirements

All personnel involved in confined space entry work, including sentries, persons performing hazard identification and risk assessment, persons who work within confined spaces, permit recipients and supervisory personnel shall be trained and deemed as competent to be involved with confined space work.

The Client representative may supply training as long as the above requirements are met, and the training tailored to meet the specific requirements of the confined space.

Exhibit G (Minimum Training Requirements for Confined Space entry) details the minimum contents of a training package to be given to personnel involved with confined space entry work

1.12.2 Training Standards

All trained Contractor or Subcontractor personnel shall be required to demonstrate (eg. provision of certificates etc) that they meet the minimum competency standards of the training prior to becoming involved with the confined space work.

Training shall be conducted by persons accredited in all relevant aspects of confined space entry, hazard recognition, use of safety equipment and methods of rescue.

1.12.4 Health Assessments

All personnel who are required to work within a confined space shall be assessed for their ability to enter and perform the tasks envisaged within the confined space.

Assessments shall include the ability to wear respiratory protection (excluding Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus and Supplied Air Respirators); the ability to climb ladders and whether the person suffers from claustrophobia.

1.13 Emergency And Rescue Procedures

1.13.1 Minimum Requirements

The person(s) responsible for the confined space work shall ensure that prior to any entry into a confined space;

That there is equipment readily available to remove personnel from inside the confined space should an emergency arise.
There are suitably trained personnel who can affect a rescue from a confined space who are readily available
There are first aid facilitates available that can provide emergency treatment to personnel should the need arise, and that there are appropriately trained persons who can administer the first aid.

1.13.1.1 Use of Safety Lines & Harnesses

All personnel who work within a confined space shall wear a safety harness. The purpose of the safety harness is to allow for quick and easy removal of the person should they collapse within the confined space. The wearing of a safety harness is mandatory where a person would have to be lifted out in a vertical position.

1.13.2 Emergency Procedures

1.13.2.1 Within the confined space

In case of an emergency the sentry shall;

Where possible evacuate all personnel from the confined space, using entry/exit log
Alert emergency response personnel of the emergency occurring and the nature of the emergency through use of a portable radio.
Isolate or have isolated all power sources and other supplies to the confined space, except for breathing air services
Ensure that no one except for trained emergency response personnel enter the confined space,
Person responsible for the work in the confined space shall take charge of the situation.

Under no circumstances shall the sentry attempt to enter the confined space to assist in the rescue of persons within the confined space.

1.13.2.2 External to the confined space

On sites where emergency alarms are installed the sentry on hearing the emergency alarm shall;

Evacuate all personnel from the confined space,
Isolate or have isolated all power sources and other supplies to the confined space, except for breathing air services
Ensures that no one re-enters the confined space until the all clear has been given by the responsible person
Ensures that all personnel follow the site emergency procedure
Arrange for rescue if necessary (see above)
Arranges for atmospheric monitoring to be conducted where appropriate.

1.14 Rescue From A Confined Space

1.14.1 Rescue Plan

A written rescue plan shall be developed where it has been identified in the risk assessment that the;

Atmospheric conditions present a risk of harm to health or injury to personnel inside, or they will not support life,
Internal obstructions/conditions make it difficult to rescue personnel (vertical entry or difficulty of access).

The rescue plan shall include:

Worst case scenario - what the plan is addressing
Equipment and personnel required to conduct the rescue
Steps to be followed during the rescue.

The rescue plan is to be discussed with all personnel working within the confined space, the sentry, the person responsible for the work that is being undertaken and the rescue personnel prior to entry into the confined space.

1.15 Hot Work And Welding In A Confined Space

1.15.1 Welding Precautions to be Taken

Special consideration needs to be given to any form of hot work within a confined space. Hot work can be defined as welding, thermal or oxygen cutting or heating, and other related heat-producing or spark-producing operations.

Any type of hot work operation can deplete the oxygen content from the confined space and add toxic fumes into it. Welding within a confined space can considerably increase the risk of electric shock to the persons working inside.

The following precautions shall be implemented prior to the commencement of hot work in any confined space;

The atmosphere shall be tested to ensure that hot work can take place safely.
Monitoring of the atmosphere shall occur at all times.
All combustible materials not required for the job shall be removed outside the confined space to a safe distance.
Combustible materials that cannot be removed shall be protected by a suitable flame retardant covering.
Portable hand held fire extinguishers shall be in place in the area - water or dry chemical powder only.
If welding operations are suspended during rest breaks or overnight the power source to the equipment shall be switched off and if practicable removed from the confined space.
If gas cutting or welding is suspended during meal breaks or overnight the torch and gas hoses shall be removed from the confined space and depressurised.
Where it is determined that welding operations pose a risk of electric shock to the welder, a welding circuit safety switch or suitable alternative device shall be placed on all welding electrode leads and be so located that the standby person or welders assistant can keep the welder under constant observation and immediately isolate the electric circuit in the event of an emergency.
The sentry or standby person must be trained in CPR.
Welder shall work on insulated material (Note: a scaffold may be tied into the confined space structure and therefore cannot be considered insulated)
Precautions shall be taken when welders working in close proximity from separate power sources to ensure that they do not come in contact with each other, i.e. erection of barriers.
Exhaust ventilation shall be used to extract fumes out of the confined space.
The Responsible Person or Standby Person shall check the area for fire 30 minutes after work has been completed.
All gas cylinders are to remain outside the confined space.

1.15.2 Electrical Work Precautions

Using electrical tools and equipment within confined spaces poses two distinct risks:

The possibility receiving an electric shock from the equipment, or
The possibility of a spark igniting flammable gases contained within the confined space or which have entered the confined space from the external environment.

The following precautions shall be adopted to minimise these risks:

Removal of all flammable gases from within the confined space.
Setting up an exclusion to prevent the ingress of flammable gases into the work area.
Performing the work external to the confined space in a non-hazardous environment.
Using air-powered tools as an alternative.
Using low-voltage equipment where possible.
Having all electrical tools and equipment connected to residual current devices, as close as possible to the confined space.
All electrical equipment shall conform to AS 3100 and be double insulated where available.
All leads shall be heavy duty and shall be located, suspended or guarded to minimise against damage.

1.16 Safe Work Instructions

1.16.1 Need for Safe Work Instructions

From time to time it is recognised that the exact requirements of this procedure and the relevant state legislation’s may not be able to be met. In these circumstances safe work instructions shall be developed for each task where this applies. The Safe Work Instructions shall detail the reasons why the requirements can not be met and specially state the task steps and controls that need to be implemented to all the work to occur without putting the safety and health of personnel at risk of injury or damage to health.

The Integrated Site Management Team (ISMT) shall review these safe work instructions and authorise their use prior to the commencement of the work. It shall be made clear to all personnel working on that particular job that these instructions are a deviation from the standard procedure and that special precautions have been taken to ensure that personnel are not placed at undue risk

2.0 DEFINITIONS

Atmospheric Contaminant

Any dust, fume, vapour, mist or gas, the presence of which can be harmful to the health of a person either short or long term.

Competent Person

Means a person who through a combination of training, education and experience has acquired knowledge and skills enabling that person to perform correctly a specified task.

Confined Space

Any area of work that is not intended as a regular workplace, has restricted means of entry and exit, has inadequate ventilation and/or an atmosphere that contains toxic materials, is deficient in oxygen or causes engulfment.

These include, but are not limited to;

Any tank, vessel or boiler, etc.
Open topped spaces greater than 1.2m
Any pipe, sewer, duct or shaft
Any plant in which the head of a person must penetrate to inspect or work in a space that has the potential for an oxygen deficient or toxic atmosphere to be present.

Gas Tester

A competent person authorised to perform gas tests.

Hot work

Welding, thermal, or oxygen cutting or heating, and other related heat-producing or spark-producing operations. For example;

Welding or flame cutting equipment;
Grinder, electric drill or other non-flameproof electrical equipment;
Hot tapping equipment;
Spark ignition engines or non-approved compression ignition engines;
Match, naked light, cigarette lighter, flame or spark;
Hand tools that may create a spark;
Non-flammable electric cables, cords, switches, lights, connections or fittings;
Any other thing which is likely to produce a source of ignition or be an ignition source.

Local Exhaust Ventilation

A ventilating system used to extract airborne contaminants form an area at the point of generation of the contaminants.

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

The smallest quantity of flammable gas or vapour which when mixed with air will burn if ignited.

May

Is used where alternatives are acceptable

Permit Acceptor/Recipient

A competent person responsible for ensuring that work is conducted in a safe manner (in accordance with permit conditions) and, once work is completed, that plant and equipment is returned in a safe condition for operation.

Permit Issuer

A competent person responsible for ensuring that equipment is prepared for work and all hazards have been assessed and controlled through isolations and/or by prescribing precautions to be followed.

Sentry/Stand-by Person

A competent person who is assigned to remain outside and in close proximity to a confined space and perform duties as specified in Section x of this standard.

Shall

These terms are used where is provision is mandatory.

Should

Is used where a provision is preferred.

Entry

For the purposes of this safe work standard, a person is said to have entered a confined space if their upper body protrudes into the confined.

In some cases, the risk assessment and permit condition may include that any body part (head, arm or leg) protruding into the opening of confined space shall be considered as entering the confined space.

Exhibit A

Confined Space Hazard Identification Check Sheet Two Pages

CONFINED SPACE HAZARD IDENTIFICATION							Site:
Description		Identification No:		Assessed By:			Date:
	Hazard Assessment		Hazards Present			Control Measures
			Y		N
1.	Are there means by which the oxygen level may be depleted?
	Corrosion processes?
	Combustion processes?
	Dilution of air by inert gases?
	Absorption by materials within the confined space?
	Physical activity
2.	Can the level of oxygen be increased within the confined space eg, leaks in fittings containing oxygen
3.	From what sources may contaminants be introduced into the confined space?
	Materials stored or used in the confined space?
	By-products of materials, eg decomposition of sludge or organic materials?
	Use of hazardous materials, i.e. cleaning agents, solvents, paints, NDT materials
	Operations performed, welding, cutting, heating of surfaces, painting, brazing
	Contamination on the surface of the confined space, i.e. scale, paint, hazardous materials absorbed into the surface
4.	Operation of any internal moving equipment
5.	Introduction of any solid, liquid, or gas.
6.	Suffocation through solid materials, flour, grains, minerals, etc.?
7.	Electric shock eg capacitors, static electricity, induction currents?
8.	Explosion or fire, i.e. use of flammable materials or materials that can produce an ignition source
9.	Noise, both internal and external to the confined space ?
10.	Thermal extremes, weather conditions, work performed, inadequate ventilation, PPE worn.
11.	Radiation, radiation gauges, welding, material used or stored
12.	Manual handling required of equipment or materials
13	Slips, trips and falls, through obstructions, surface or entry into confined space

Exhibit B

Confined Space Risk Assessment Sheet 3 Pages

CONFINED SPACE RISK ASSESSMENT
Project/Site: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Confined Space Identification: …………………………………………………………………………………………… Description: .....................................................……………………………………………………………………………
RISK ASSESSMENT	ESTIMATED LEVEL OF RISK
RISK ASSESSMENT	Low ® High ü
	1	2	3	4	5
1. Nature of the confined space. (Consider size, purpose, contents)
2. Scope of work to be undertaken.
3. Plant and equipment to be used.
4. Solvents/chemicals/hazardous substances.
5. Isolation of: power steam piping and valves mechanical pneumatic hydraulic
6. Hot work procedures fire risk.
Hot work procedures fumes.
Hot work procedures contaminates.
Hot work procedures radiation.
7. Ventilation: natural o
forced o
SCBA required o
air fed masks required o
8. Sources of oxygen depletion (Consider, corrosion, residual liquid, hot work processes)
9. Visibility and lighting
10. Number of persons occupying confined space (specify):

RISK ASSESSMENT	ESTIMATED LEVEL OF RISK
RISK ASSESSMENT	Low ® High ü
	1	2	3	4	5
11. Temperature: within without
12. Previous contents.
13. Access, Type and Size.
14. Soundness of structure.
15. Moving/Rotating Equipment.
16. Manual Handling.
17. Internal access ladder o
scaffold o
mobile equipment o
18. Training of operatives
19. Rescue: No. of standby persons ............................. Nearest First Aid ...................................... Nearest Rescue Service ...........................
20. Electrical supply (Low voltage, heavy duty leads, intrinsically safe)
21. Protective Equipment.
22. Physical fitness of persons required to enter/work in confined spaces.
23. Lines of communication.
24. Flushing of space. Method proposed:
25. Purging of space. Method proposed.
26. Availability of fire fighting equipment. Type: Number off: Location:

ASSESSMENT FINDINGS

SIGNED Assessor: ......................................................……………………………..

Safety Committee Member: ......................................................……………………………..

REVIEWED Name: ......................................................……………………………..

Date: ......................................................……………………………..

Exhibit C

Atmospheric Requirements for Confined Spaces Page 1 of 1

ATMOSPHERIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CONFINED SPACES

The list below is the recommended minimum and maximum exposure limits for atmospheric quality and contaminants within confined spaces. Client organisations may specify additional quality requirements, where this is the case the Client’s standards should be used.

Gas Tested for	Minimum Concentration	Maximum Concentration	Test Method
Oxygen	19.5%	23.5%
Carbon Dioxide	N/A	0.05%
Carbon Monoxide	N/A	24ppm
Hydrogen Sulphide	N/A	2ppm
Ammonia	N/A	5ppm
Sulphur Dioxide	N/A	5ppm
Chlorine	N/A	1ppm
Ozone	N/A	0.1ppm
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)	N/A	5%

NOTE: A depletion in the oxygen concentration is most likely to result in an increase in the nitrogen concentration.

Nitrogen is inert and will not support life.

Exhibit D

Ventilation Considerations for Confined Spaces Page 1 of 1

VENTILATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONFINED SPACES

The following elements shall be taken into consideration when determining the ventilation requirements for confined space work.

The work to be conducted, will it introduce additional atmospheric contaminants (welding, cleaning, abrasive blasting, painting)

Internal obstructions that will affect the air flow, such as baffles, piping and dead legs

Contaminants contained within the confined space. Have they been completely removed?

Existing openings – can be used to assist in the ventilation by creating additional openings for air to circulate

Contamination from external sources such as exhausts, vents, combustion engines. Air intakes must be located away from these contamination sources

Natural drafts – should be used to assist in ventilation, set up air flows to take advantage of these

Vented contaminants should be exhausted downwind from the confined space and from people working in the area

Ventilation must take into account the internal temperature of the confined space. Consideration shall be given to the work that is to be performed within the confined space and whether this will add to the internal temperature.

Where work is to be conducted in an area containing flammable gases, ventilation ducts must be earthed to prevent the accumulation of static electricity.

Exhibit E

Sample Confined Space Entry Permit 3 Pages

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT

Permit No.

This permit is valid only for the date of issue and for the period stated. The conditions of issue MUST be complied with for the duration of the work. This permit may be withdrawn at any time.

All work is to cease on the sounding or raising of a fire alarm

REQUESTED BY (Contractor / ISMT)

ISSUED TO (Name)

UNIT OR AREA OF WORK/ACTIVITY

DESCRIPTION/EQUIPMENT TAG NO.

EQUIPMENT TO BE USED:

WORK TO BE PERFORMED:

DATE ISSUED: TIME: EXPIRES: HOURS

CONDITIONS OF USE (These must be observed)				ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
	YES	NO	N/A	Gas Test % L.E.L. % Oxygen
1. Vessel isolated				Limit	5% Max	19.22%
2. Vessel blinded				Time
3. Vessel purged/clea				Result
4. All isolation valves tagged/chained				Next Test Due
5. Electrical equipment isolated				Result
6. Lifeline required				Next Test Due
7. Continuing gas monitoring required				Result
(if specified below)				Next Test Due
8. Personal protective equipment required				Result
9. The Safety Watcher must have a radio tuned to the emergency channel				ELECTRICAL ISOLATION CERTIFICATE NO.
10. The Safety Watcher must have clear working communications with all personnel working in the confined space.				Separate permits required for Hot Work, Cold Work, Excavation or Vehicle Entry.
ALL PERSONNEL MUST EVACUATE THE CONFINED SPACE IF SUBSEQUENT GAS TESTS ARE NOT PERFORMED BY THE DUE TIME. WHEN CONFINED SPACE HAS BEEN UNATTENDED FOR MORE THAN 30 MINUTES GAS TEST MUST BE PERFORMED.				IMPORTANT – See back of Permit Sheet

OTHER CONDITIONS

	It is the responsibility of the Acceptor (Supervisor) to ensure that all personnel entering the confined space, and nominated Safety Watchers are holding a valid CONFINED SPACE ENTRY CERTIFICATE.
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PERSONNEL		SAFETY WATCHERS

Issued By (Site Engineer): DATE: TIME:

Authorised by (Proj. Mgr)
(OR Site Engineer) DATE: TIME

I have read and understood the condition of the permit. I agree to abide by these conditions

ACCEPTED (Authorised Person): _____________________ DATE: ____________________ TIME: __________

THIS PERMIT MUST BE RETURNED TO THE SITE ENGINEER (OR SENIOR PROJECT MANAGER) AT COMPLETION OF THE WORK, OR TIME EXPIRY PERMIT RETURN (Tick)

WORK IS COMPLETE o WORK IS NOT COMPLETE o AREA LEFT SAFE & TIDY o

NAME: ____________________ SIGNED: _____________________ DATE: __________ TIME: _______

This permit is valid only for the date of issue and for the period stated. The conditions of issue MUST be complied with for the duration of the work. This permit may be withdrawn at any time.

All work is to cease on the sounding or raising of a fire alarm.

Duties of the Safety Watcher

1. Maintain surveillance of personnel working in the confined space.

2. Maintain communications with all those inside the confined space.

3. Warn the workers of any dangers outside the confined space. For example – fire alarm sounded, he/she must notify the workers and have them evacuate the confined space.

4. He/she must be in possession of a hand held, multi-channel (one of which must be the emergency channel) two way radio and know how to communicate with the Guardhouse/Maintenance Supervisor. – Radio check with the guardhouse on the emergency channel to be completed prior to any entry into the confined space. Vacation of confined space should also be advised at days end or job completion.

5. Maintain the conditions and requirements listed on the permit.

6. Obtain assistance if necessary – in the event of an emergency the pit controller should be called on the radio emergency channel and the nature of the emergency conveyed, along with the location and number of people involved. The Safety Watcher must not enter the confined space without a backup watcher in place.

The Safety Watcher must not leave his post until relieved. If circumstances are such that he/she has to leave, the confined space must be evacuated and the permit cancelled.
Maintain a log of all those personnel entering or leaving the confined space on the Entry Board.
Display this permit near the point of entry.

Entry Board Requirements

When the Confined Space Entry Permit is issued, an entry board will be placed on or near the access way or at a suitable conspicuous location if more than one access way is open to the confined space.

No access to the confined space will be permitted unless the Entry Permit is displayed correctly on the Entry Board. The Entry Board will contain provision for the following:

1. All relevant permits.

2. Names of those inside the confined space.

3. Times individuals enter and leave the confined space.

Marking pens.
Name of the Safety Watcher.

Every person entering the confined space must have the Safety Watcher record their name and time of entry on the Entry Board.

On exiting the confined space each person must have the Safety Watcher log their time of exit.

When work is proceeding inside a confined space, an observer/Safety Watcher must remain in contact with workers inside the space at all times. The observer should have access to immediate help via a hand held two way radio tuned to Pits emergency channel.

Note – all routine communications should take place on routine channels.

Exhibit F

Duties of Sentries 2 Pages

As a minimum requirement all persons performing sentry duties shall;

Have an awareness of the nature of the work that is being performed, read and understand the conditions of entry
Have a means to communicate with the persons working inside the confined space. Ideally line of sight is the best means, but use of radios, rope signals are a suitable alternative,
Have the ability to raise an alarm immediately or almost immediately should an emergency occur within the confined space. The sentry must remain at the entry point (if it is necessary for a sentry to leave the area of the entry point to raise the alarm, then another method must be established to raise the alarm allowing the sentry to remain in position, ie. use of radios to raise the alarm).
Ensure that all personnel who enter the confined space read and understand the conditions for entry,
Ensure that all personnel who enter the confined space sign onto the entry permit and hang a personal danger tag on the permit entry board,
Ensure that all relevant documentation pertaining to the confined space entry, including gas testing results, hazard identification, risk assessment and any other paper work are located with the confined space entry permit,
Receive training in the responsibilities of being a sentry, and deemed to be competent to perform the duties of a sentry
Ensure that either barriers or signs are placed across every opening to the confined space when no work is being performed inside.
Ensure that ventilation to the confined space remains in operation, should the ventilation fail withdraw personnel from the confined space.
Withdraw personnel from the confined space should an emergency occur either internal or external to the confined space,
Keep the entrance to the confined space clear and free of obstruction as far as practicable and ensure that the confined space and the area around it is left in a clean and tidy condition at the end of each day,
Complete the Sentry Daily Checklist (Appendix E) prior to allowing any person to enter the confined space,
Suspend work and withdraw personnel from the confined space if they fail to conform to the requirements of the entry permit and this safe work standard.

Additional Points

1. You shall at all times be in visual or audible contact with personnel within the confined space.

2. No person may work inside a confined space alone.

3. Constantly observe the other activities that are occuring in the vicinity of the confined space and ensure they are not affecting the health and safety of personnel working inside.

4. If the emergency alarm sounds, evacuate all persons from the confined space, do not allow personnel to re-enter the confined space until you have checked that it is safe to do so from the responsible person.

5. As a sentry, you have the responsibility and authority to suspend confined space work if,

you feel that conditions for entry are not satisfactory,
internal or external conditions change that could affect the health and safety of personnel working inside the confined space,
personnel working inside the confined space fail to comply with the requirements.

TO BE COMPLETED PRIOR TO PERSONNEL ENTERING THE CONFINED SPACE.

SENTRY DAILY CHECKLIST

Site: ...................................................................….. Permit No. ................……....

Sentry: ................................................................... Date: ......................………..

	Entry Condition	Y	N
1.	Is the confined space ready for entry
	a) Correctly isolated?
	b) Internal equipment isolated?
	c) Hazard identification/risk assessment complete?
	d) Access points clear and safe for entry?
	e) Ventilation in place?
	f) Have all the permit conditions been met?
2.	Is all relevant documentation located at or near the entry point of the confined space?
	a) Is the permit valid? b) Has the atmospheric monitoring been conducted and within limits?
3.	Are the communication systems operational?
4.	Is there first aid/rescue equipment available?
5.	Have all personnel entering the confined space read and understood the permit conditions, JHA and signed on to the permit?
6.	All personnel entering the confined space fitted with the appropriate PPE? Safety harness, standard site PPE,
7.	Are you aware of the work that is to be performed and the problems that could be encountered?
8.	Are you aware how to raise an alarm in an emergency situation? (Sites to fill in site specific information)

Exhibit G

Minimum Training Requirements for Confined Space Work Page 1 of 1

MINIMUM TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR CONFINED SPACE WORK

Site: ...................................................... Date: ……………………………… Assessed By: ...............................................
Training Needs	Responsible Person	Sentry	Confined Space Worker
Communication systems	X	X
Entry permits and permits to work	X	X	X
Entry/Exit procedures	X	X	X
Gas Testing	X	X
Hazard identification and risk assessment	X
Hazards of working inside confined spaces	X	X	X
Isolation requirements	X	X	X
Job Safety Analysis	X	X	X
Legislative requirements	X
Requirements of this procedure	X	X	X
Rescue and emergency procedures	X	X	X
Risk Control Measures	X
Supplied air breathing apparatus	All persons when defined in Risk Asssessment
Use of fire fighting equipment	X	X	X
Use of PPE		X	X
Wearing of Safety Harnesses		X	X

Date published: 25/07/2013

Document ID:	409
Last reviewed:	14/03/2009
Revision No:	14
Approved by:	..

* -25/07/2013 12:27:06 PM